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Cities and regions are becoming increasingly important in addressing global challenges. Both are taking proactive steps in areas such as renewable energy, industrial innovation, and environmental conservation, often surpassing their national counterparts.

Science diplomacy and paradiplomacy are two forms of non-traditional diplomacy that can help to address global challenges. Science diplomacy harnesses scientific collaboration to facilitate global cooperation, while paradiplomacy involves the engagement of subnational governments in international affairs.    

The fusion of science diplomacy and paradiplomacy, known as science paradiplomacy, is a growing trend. Science paradiplomacy allows subnational governments to use scientific collaboration and knowledge to shape international policy and contribute to global governance.

Science paradiplomacy is a powerful platform for addressing global challenges at both the global and local levels. Subnational actors, empowered by scientific collaboration and policy innovation, are uniquely positioned to drive the future of international relations.